Deschuwiki - User contributions [en]

Main Page

2026-08-12T02:49:43Z

Lau wiki: Protected "Main Page": I don't want to let everyone in the world edit this thing. ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

Welcome to Deschutron's Wiki.

[https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-wiegand-8863a519 Real-life persona]

[https://github.com/deschutron On Github]

[[Rap as a Language-Learning Tool]]

Tokiponidos
# [[Kot Wawa]]
# [[snvsdr dhv]]
# [[poki pona]]
# [[Theavenev Antitemp]]
# [[Blep]]

[[Recurring digits]]

[[ideas]]

[[scratchpad]]

[[MediaWiki start page]]

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2025-01-07T13:56:03Z

Lau wiki: /* mópojv vný el go */ bìn

== gó boy jv omthea boy jv bhv ==
- mùt bòki-pi lán àmkíwe-ip bòki-pi lán zèu

vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>

jv́ kr bhv vhb fē moy jv́ bhe boý r̀mm̄ob. 
jv́ omthe fē dry rd vnme. nv̄ fē brsy mrr̄rb. fē nvsdrsvny me ge: 
"jv bhv! srby jv em fē gv! v́ny jv ema nvsvdkhr fē rby jv me. 
mé fē rbsdry svdkhr vny po rm oby jv em. svd fē br go. mò mō jvv̄oll̄jo gō!" 
ŕdy vnme no nv̄ jv bhv fē pv́svdkhr. pó mr fē dv bvsbo. nv̄ ŕm fē doy ehp mo dhe. 
jv́ omthe fē dò fē r̀m òbmŕ nv̄ r̀mm̄y òb no. nv̄ jv bhe fē drsnvsjosomrm. 
srdy vnme no fē rbsy nvsdr vnme ge: 
r̀dsrb cv nv̄ srd vn cv nv̄ cv̀

lán gʉ̀ɻ zèu γoàɻ li nòlpi lán zèu li bòki-pi íjo-pi èkep-la-ìkop. 
lán àmkíwe li zònpi nós dànmé. nat li nòs-án bèke-la-nòp. li nàt-án(zòn)-án(dàn)-pi mé gʉ̀: 
"lán zèu! án nòppi lán èm li mùt! tánpi lán èm-ip nàt-án(àsan)kón li nòppi lán mì. 
mé li nòp-án(zòn)pi án(àsan)kón dànpi póki bèke ìkoppi lán èm. án(àsan) li bòn zùl. nòl nol làn-la-ɔ̀ɲ-la-ɰɔ̀ sul!" 
nóspi dànmé dà nat lán zèu li sím-án(àsan)kón. póki bèke li nàsa zìm-án bòki. nat ékep li dàupi wés mà gìwe. 
lán àmkíwe li dàu li bèke ìkop-ékep nat èkep-la-pi ìkop dà. nat lán zèu li zòn-án(nàt)-án(ɰɔ̀)-nòl-ékep. 
án(nòs)pi dànmé dà li nòp-án nàt-án(zòn) dànmé gʉ̀: 
zòn-án(nòp) ɟɛ̀ŋ nat án(zòn) dàn ɟɛ̀ŋ nat ɟɛ̀ŋ

lan tawa ala sewi sewi ala li jo e lan sewi li poki e ijo pi kepeken<-la-(jo insa)< 
lan lon kiwen li sona e sona tan mi. ni la sona pi kepeken-la-pona. ona li pana sona tan mi ini: 
"lan sewi! pona pi lan sina li mute! ijo tan lan sina pi pana pi nasa kon li pona e lan mi. 
mi pona tan sona pi nasa kon tan poki kepeken pi lan sina. nasa li pona suli. ma la lan-la-(sina ala)-la-ala a!" 
sona tan mi pini la lan sewi li open nasa e kon. poki kepeken li tawa open pi poki. ni la kepeken< li tawa ijo anpa ma kiwen. 
lan lon ma li tawa li kepeken-poki kepeken< la kepeken<-la-(poki< pini). ni la lan sewi li sona e pana pi ala pi jo kepeken<. 
sona tan mi pini li pona< tan sona pi tan mi kama: 
sona pona< pona ala la sona tan pona ala la pona ala

== pó bhv vhb omy thv de Bvben ==
''vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>''

v́hkjv fē nvsdr feefsy nvsdr efy tho fejo. 
jv́ fē doy thv de Jenvt fē dosom.

dosom noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv gv apr̄ vdphey thv vn, aēt. 
jv́y vfme no fē mry thv moa mry thv do.

dv nvy thv gva noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv moy jv gva nvy op bhv vhb. 
fē vcsdoy thv mo gv, 
amō fē gv, 
nv̄ pr̄ vfvhk, aēt.

nsdry vfme noa noō jv bhv fē domo, 
fē dry thv moy jv gva dry op bhv vhb.

fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
vhkjv fē gv feefy tho fejo, 
fē nvsdr rmsfey feefy tho fejo. 
h́ yvfme no fē bepry jv vf. 
jv vf fē rbp̄ fevhk-h.

dovf r̄p. 
jv́ me pr̄ domo, 
pr̄ nvsvgsfe rmsy nvsdr efy jv vf, aēt.

jv́ bhv fē nvsody jv eba doy mo gv. 
jv́ fē rbc̄ fesy dv nvy po bhv vhb.

thv́ mo vfme fē vfte Bvben vnvf fv̄ 
sde Bhben fē fvsy vdkhr grsdr. 
jv bhe fē nvsvgy ef rmsnvsdr. 
vg nv̄ jv́ fē dv yrbb fesnvsdr ōm fē vdkhr grsdr vhk.

== mópojv vný el go ==
mópojv vný el go, 
mō bojvv̄ vny thv yvd ommokhr, 
sno gv nv̄ pójv fē vhb fē vcehp.

pé gv fē nvefmopojv, 
éhpy mo vfme mō zrd ydo ommokhrar̄ efpe, 
po ehby thv yvd ommokhr mō pé nè fē v́p.

feefpe mō jv ne gv fē om, 
fē omvhpthv fē elmoy jv mrtho; 
jv ydo omkhra brsrd fē vd ommokhr efthv.

vd go fē vhp mō khr bhv fē dosdesJeno fē dosdesNoje; 
vd go fē el mō phv vd ne fē dosyfe go; 
mokhr kr mō khr fē kr.

sno vfme mō yjv efme efemam̄ ely mó dhv vfme; 
mópojv ely jv go nvsdr 
fē moy svdkhr br.

thv yvd ommokhra nr mō nvsdr be vfy me ge: 
feefy thv do mō hh̄ do; 
r̄p drsyrby moef moema go; ymoef rjmeaē el.

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2025-01-07T13:36:40Z

Lau wiki: more poem

== gó boy jv omthea boy jv bhv ==
- mùt bòki-pi lán àmkíwe-ip bòki-pi lán zèu

vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>

jv́ kr bhv vhb fē moy jv́ bhe boý r̀mm̄ob. 
jv́ omthe fē dry rd vnme. nv̄ fē brsy mrr̄rb. fē nvsdrsvny me ge: 
"jv bhv! srby jv em fē gv! v́ny jv ema nvsvdkhr fē rby jv me. 
mé fē rbsdry svdkhr vny po rm oby jv em. svd fē br go. mò mō jvv̄oll̄jo gō!" 
ŕdy vnme no nv̄ jv bhv fē pv́svdkhr. pó mr fē dv bvsbo. nv̄ ŕm fē doy ehp mo dhe. 
jv́ omthe fē dò fē r̀m òbmŕ nv̄ r̀mm̄y òb no. nv̄ jv bhe fē drsnvsjosomrm. 
srdy vnme no fē rbsy nvsdr vnme ge: 
r̀dsrb cv nv̄ srd vn cv nv̄ cv̀

lán gʉ̀ɻ zèu γoàɻ li nòlpi lán zèu li bòki-pi íjo-pi èkep-la-ìkop. 
lán àmkíwe li zònpi nós dànmé. nat li nòs-án bèke-la-nòp. li nàt-án(zòn)-án(dàn)-pi mé gʉ̀: 
"lán zèu! án nòppi lán èm li mùt! tánpi lán èm-ip nàt-án(àsan)kón li nòppi lán mì. 
mé li nòp-án(zòn)pi án(àsan)kón dànpi póki bèke ìkoppi lán èm. án(àsan) li bòn zùl. nòl nol làn-la-ɔ̀ɲ-la-ɰɔ̀ sul!" 
nóspi dànmé dà nat lán zèu li sím-án(àsan)kón. póki bèke li nàsa zìm-án bòki. nat ékep li dàupi wés mà gìwe. 
lán àmkíwe li dàu li bèke ìkop-ékep nat èkep-la-pi ìkop dà. nat lán zèu li zòn-án(nàt)-án(ɰɔ̀)-nòl-ékep. 
án(nòs)pi dànmé dà li nòp-án nàt-án(zòn) dànmé gʉ̀: 
zòn-án(nòp) ɟɛ̀ŋ nat án(zòn) dàn ɟɛ̀ŋ nat ɟɛ̀ŋ

lan tawa ala sewi sewi ala li jo e lan sewi li poki e ijo pi kepeken<-la-(jo insa)< 
lan lon kiwen li sona e sona tan mi. ni la sona pi kepeken-la-pona. ona li pana sona tan mi ini: 
"lan sewi! pona pi lan sina li mute! ijo tan lan sina pi pana pi nasa kon li pona e lan mi. 
mi pona tan sona pi nasa kon tan poki kepeken pi lan sina. nasa li pona suli. ma la lan-la-(sina ala)-la-ala a!" 
sona tan mi pini la lan sewi li open nasa e kon. poki kepeken li tawa open pi poki. ni la kepeken< li tawa ijo anpa ma kiwen. 
lan lon ma li tawa li kepeken-poki kepeken< la kepeken<-la-(poki< pini). ni la lan sewi li sona e pana pi ala pi jo kepeken<. 
sona tan mi pini li pona< tan sona pi tan mi kama: 
sona pona< pona ala la sona tan pona ala la pona ala

== pó bhv vhb omy thv de Bvben ==
''vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>''

v́hkjv fē nvsdr feefsy nvsdr efy tho fejo. 
jv́ fē doy thv de Jenvt fē dosom.

dosom noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv gv apr̄ vdphey thv vn, aēt. 
jv́y vfme no fē mry thv moa mry thv do.

dv nvy thv gva noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv moy jv gva nvy op bhv vhb. 
fē vcsdoy thv mo gv, 
amō fē gv, 
nv̄ pr̄ vfvhk, aēt.

nsdry vfme noa noō jv bhv fē domo, 
fē dry thv moy jv gva dry op bhv vhb.

fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
vhkjv fē gv feefy tho fejo, 
fē nvsdr rmsfey feefy tho fejo. 
h́ yvfme no fē bepry jv vf. 
jv vf fē rbp̄ fevhk-h.

dovf r̄p. 
jv́ me pr̄ domo, 
pr̄ nvsvgsfe rmsy nvsdr efy jv vf, aēt.

jv́ bhv fē nvsody jv eba doy mo gv. 
jv́ fē rbc̄ fesy dv nvy po bhv vhb.

thv́ mo vfme fē vfte Bvben vnvf fv̄ 
sde Bhben fē fvsy vdkhr grsdr. 
jv bhe fē nvsvgy ef rmsnvsdr. 
vg nv̄ jv́ fē dv yrbb fesnvsdr ōm fē vdkhr grsdr vhk.

== mópojv vný el go ==
mópojv vný el go,

mō bojvv̄ vny thv yvd ommokhr,

sno gv nv̄ pójv fē vhb fē vcehp.

Kíwe wàlo

2025-01-07T13:33:50Z

Lau wiki:

=má-tóm dànpi tém nìp zùl nol (kíwe wàlo)=
''dànpi [https://utala.pona.la/toki-musi-lili/index_en.html#lon-ma-tomo-pi-tenpo-pini-suli létis]pi ján Gàpilu''

má-tóm dànpi tém nìp zùl, 
nol tóm àle li dàn kíwe wàlo, 
tém nat tóm li àmp li làkap.

kás mùt li làu e kúluptóm, 
má nì sni nòl e kás èluk-ále, 
lúppi kíwe wàlo nat kás lìli li èpo.

kás mas nòl e pípi èlukmút, 
nɒ́ li lòn-ámpkíwe li wɛ̀k dàn-ákes, 
wás zùwi li èluk-án wàlo ìlkíwe.

sún li àmp la séu li gàm-án jèl li gàm-án lòi, 
sún li wɛ̀k la mún li gàm-án wàwa, 
bìmei la kón li lɛ̀t.

tém nì nol ján àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ e má nì, 
má-tóm gɛ̀ɲpi ján àle, 
li nòl e kálam bòn.

kíwe wàlo ə̀t nol kót nì li gòtlétis: 
télo mas àle li dàu, 
os òlin e tém nì, tém ànt àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ.

Kíwe wàlo

2025-01-07T13:32:23Z

Lau wiki: /* má-tóm dànpi tém nìp zùl nol (kíwe wàlo) */

=má-tóm dànpi tém nìp zùl nol (kíwe wàlo)=
''dànpi ján Gàpilu''

má-tóm dànpi tém nìp zùl, 
nol tóm àle li dàn kíwe wàlo,
tém nat tóm li àmp li làkap.

kás mùt li làu e kúluptóm,
má nì sni nòl e kás èluk-ále,
lúppi kíwe wàlo nat kás lìli li èpo.

kás mas nòl e pípi èlukmút,
nɒ́ li lòn-ámpkíwe li wɛ̀k dàn-ákes,
wás zùwi li èluk-án wàlo ìlkíwe.

sún li àmp la séu li gàm-án jèl li gàm-án lòi,
sún li wɛ̀k la mún li gàm-án wàwa,
bìmei la kón li lɛ̀t.

tém nì nol ján àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ e má nì,
má-tóm gɛ̀ɲpi ján àle,
li nòl e kálam bòn.

kíwe wàlo ə̀t nol kót nì li gòtlétis:
télo mas àle li dàu,
os òlin e tém nì, tém ànt àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ.

Kíwe wàlo

2025-01-07T13:31:07Z

Lau wiki: òpe

=má-tóm dànpi tém nìp zùl nol (kíwe wàlo)=
''dànpi ján Gàpilu''

má-tóm dànpi tém nìp zùl,
nol tóm àle li dàn kíwe wàlo,
tém nat tóm li àmp li làkap.

kás mùt li làu e kúluptóm,
má nì sni nòl e kás èluk-ále,
lúppi kíwe wàlo nat kás lìli li èpo.

kás mas nòl e pípi èlukmút,
nɒ́ li lòn-ámpkíwe li wɛ̀k dàn-ákes,
wás zùwi li èluk-án wàlo ìlkíwe.

sún li àmp la séu li gàm-án jèl li gàm-án lòi,
sún li wɛ̀k la mún li gàm-án wàwa,
bìmei la kón li lɛ̀t.

tém nì nol ján àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ e má nì,
má-tóm gɛ̀ɲpi ján àle,
li nòl e kálam bòn.

kíwe wàlo ə̀t nol kót nì li gòtlétis:
télo mas àle li dàu,
os òlin e tém nì, tém ànt àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ.

Kót wàwa/Short texts

2025-01-07T13:30:44Z

Lau wiki: added link to kíwe wàlo

some short texts in kót wàwa.

[[Létis dòk/kót ànap|kót ànap]]

[[Létis dòk/ə́t dàs|ə́t dàs]]

[[Some of the 150 Canonical Sentences in kót wàwa]]

[[Fink-Peterson Test Sentences]]

[[ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu]] - translation of a short story from lipu tenpo

[[kíwe wàlo]] - translation of a poem

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2025-01-07T13:29:37Z

Lau wiki: headings

Ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu

2024-12-28T14:59:10Z

Lau wiki:

dànpi ján Àlonola (ip gbàpi ján Dèsutu) https://liputenpo.org/pdfs/0029jan.pdf

líp ìns mìnpi tó pi lùka ə̀n (p10)

=kót=
tém pi dà zùl nol mí li gàm dàu e tóm nì. mí li wèn lònnɒ́. òpe la mí dàs li lòn e tóm nì. sat ján zìn li gàm. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋnímpi ján nì. sat mí li bàna e ním dè Jàli tɔ dàunɒ́. tém zùl nol nɒ́ li wèn lònpi tóm nì lònpɔ́kmí.

tóm nì li jò e tóm ìns pi ə̀n en ə̀t. tóm lònsín li tóm-án wɛ̀kják. mí li lòn e tóm nì ip lòn e tém lìli. mí li wɛ̀kják lònpi tóm nì. tóm gàmnɒ́ li tómmí lìli. tóm nìp li jò e ján Jàli. tómpi ján Jàli li zùl à. sat ján Jùli li zùl gìn a. asan nɒ́ li dàu bèke e nɔ́k ə̀n. mí li dàu bèke e nɔ́k pi ə̀n ə̀n.

tém ʋɛ̀-pi ján Jàli nol mí li àlaskóm lònmá-kás. mí li dàuwɛ́k dàntóm li àlas e kíl lìli. sat tém nì nol mí li ʉ̀ɰʉxkóm. ján Jàli li bàlkóm lònpi tómmí. nɒ́ li jò e súp nòl-án bàlkóm. súp nì nol nɒ́ li bàl e kóm mùt! nɒ́ li bàl e kíl e pán e kás e kó jèl. kó jèl li bònmí zùl! sat nɒ́ li ɟʉ̀ŋʉkóm gʉ̀ɻmí! nɒ́ li ìke zùl. sat tém mùt nol nɒ́ li ɟɒ̀ŋ e kómnɒ́ li nàtnɒ́ dàupóki-ják. sat nɒ́ li ʋʉ̀t dàumí! kóm mùt li lònpóki-ják. ní li bòn zùl dàumí!

tum mí en ján Jàli li gɛ̀t. nɒ́ li làpe nol mí li ɰʉ̀cɔ. mí li làpe nol nɒ́ li ɰʉ̀cɔ. ní li ìke-mí lìli dàn ní in: mí li wìl-án làpe la nɒ́ li gàlam mùt! ìke a! tém pi mùt lìli nol nɒ́ li lùki-mí. nì la nɒ́ li gàlam à! dànsém? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li lìli. nɒ́ li zùl. mí li dɔ̀ŋ-án bàkalnɒ́. tém nìp nol nɒ́ li nàt e ílo-án lòmna ip lònpɔ́kpi lùp èkepmí. kó jèl li lòn e ílo nɒ̀. kó jèlo... mí li wìl-án mòknɒ́. sat ílo nì li ìke. sína li wìl-án dàukó la ílo li bàkalsína! ken lòmsína. sat mí li zòn! mí li bèke e pális li gàm-án jò e kó jèl ip bèke-nɒ́.

ní àle la ken sína li bìli-ní: sém nat mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli. òpen la mí li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tómmí. mí li àlas-án jò e tóm zìn. sat tóm àle li nàsa! tóm ə̀t nol sówel àlas li lòn. ìke! nɒ́ li wìl-án mòkmí. tóm ànt li ŋɛ̀ɰ e ján àle. bòn à. sat tóm nì li lɛ̀t à. nik télo mùt li lòn. án lɛ̀tna en télo li ìke-mí. tóm ànt gìn li nòlján. sówel àlas àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ. sat ján li ɲɛ̀t e kó jèl, li mòk e kás dàs. ìke à! mí li wìl-án mòk e kó jèl. ní la mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli.

tém bɔ̀k nol mí li bìli-ní in: ján Jàli li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tóm nì. nɒ́ li nàt e líp èkepnɒ́ àle ip dàu póki zùl, li gɛ̀u e súp mùt. sém nat ján Jàli li jò e súp èpal? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li ʋɛ̀ e súp èpal. má àle nol mí li gèn-án làpe! ken nɒ́ li jò e súp èpal dànní in: nɒ́ li zùl. sat tém nì nol súp èpal li wɛ̀k dà. mí li wìlní in: nɒ́ li ɻɔ̀t lòntómmí.

nɒ́ li bàna-kóm dàumí. nik nɒ́ li ilès e tóm nì. tum nɒ́ li gɛ̀uják. mí li ɟʉ̀ŋʉ-máni gʉ̀ɻní!

nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòksém? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòl dàn-án lɛ̀t a? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la ján zèm li gàm? mí li wìl-án ʋɛ̀-ní in: nɒ́ li dàu!

sat ján Jàli li jò-nási. ní la mí li wìl-án dàu gìn. mí li lùki e póki-líp zìn.

mí li dàu lònnɒ́ dàupi tóm zìn. láu li bìli nàsa. sém li lòn e tém gàm? mí li zònní in: mí li gʉ̀x. ján Jàli os ɔ̀xæ e sówel àlas.

Ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu

2024-12-28T14:58:58Z

Lau wiki:

dànpi ján Àlonola (ip gbàpi ján Dèsutu) https://liputenpo.org/pdfs/0029jan.pdf

líp ìns mìnpi tó pi lùka ə̀n (p10)

# kót
tém pi dà zùl nol mí li gàm dàu e tóm nì. mí li wèn lònnɒ́. òpe la mí dàs li lòn e tóm nì. sat ján zìn li gàm. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋnímpi ján nì. sat mí li bàna e ním dè Jàli tɔ dàunɒ́. tém zùl nol nɒ́ li wèn lònpi tóm nì lònpɔ́kmí.

tóm nì li jò e tóm ìns pi ə̀n en ə̀t. tóm lònsín li tóm-án wɛ̀kják. mí li lòn e tóm nì ip lòn e tém lìli. mí li wɛ̀kják lònpi tóm nì. tóm gàmnɒ́ li tómmí lìli. tóm nìp li jò e ján Jàli. tómpi ján Jàli li zùl à. sat ján Jùli li zùl gìn a. asan nɒ́ li dàu bèke e nɔ́k ə̀n. mí li dàu bèke e nɔ́k pi ə̀n ə̀n.

tém ʋɛ̀-pi ján Jàli nol mí li àlaskóm lònmá-kás. mí li dàuwɛ́k dàntóm li àlas e kíl lìli. sat tém nì nol mí li ʉ̀ɰʉxkóm. ján Jàli li bàlkóm lònpi tómmí. nɒ́ li jò e súp nòl-án bàlkóm. súp nì nol nɒ́ li bàl e kóm mùt! nɒ́ li bàl e kíl e pán e kás e kó jèl. kó jèl li bònmí zùl! sat nɒ́ li ɟʉ̀ŋʉkóm gʉ̀ɻmí! nɒ́ li ìke zùl. sat tém mùt nol nɒ́ li ɟɒ̀ŋ e kómnɒ́ li nàtnɒ́ dàupóki-ják. sat nɒ́ li ʋʉ̀t dàumí! kóm mùt li lònpóki-ják. ní li bòn zùl dàumí!

tum mí en ján Jàli li gɛ̀t. nɒ́ li làpe nol mí li ɰʉ̀cɔ. mí li làpe nol nɒ́ li ɰʉ̀cɔ. ní li ìke-mí lìli dàn ní in: mí li wìl-án làpe la nɒ́ li gàlam mùt! ìke a! tém pi mùt lìli nol nɒ́ li lùki-mí. nì la nɒ́ li gàlam à! dànsém? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li lìli. nɒ́ li zùl. mí li dɔ̀ŋ-án bàkalnɒ́. tém nìp nol nɒ́ li nàt e ílo-án lòmna ip lònpɔ́kpi lùp èkepmí. kó jèl li lòn e ílo nɒ̀. kó jèlo... mí li wìl-án mòknɒ́. sat ílo nì li ìke. sína li wìl-án dàukó la ílo li bàkalsína! ken lòmsína. sat mí li zòn! mí li bèke e pális li gàm-án jò e kó jèl ip bèke-nɒ́.

ní àle la ken sína li bìli-ní: sém nat mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli. òpen la mí li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tómmí. mí li àlas-án jò e tóm zìn. sat tóm àle li nàsa! tóm ə̀t nol sówel àlas li lòn. ìke! nɒ́ li wìl-án mòkmí. tóm ànt li ŋɛ̀ɰ e ján àle. bòn à. sat tóm nì li lɛ̀t à. nik télo mùt li lòn. án lɛ̀tna en télo li ìke-mí. tóm ànt gìn li nòlján. sówel àlas àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ. sat ján li ɲɛ̀t e kó jèl, li mòk e kás dàs. ìke à! mí li wìl-án mòk e kó jèl. ní la mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli.

tém bɔ̀k nol mí li bìli-ní in: ján Jàli li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tóm nì. nɒ́ li nàt e líp èkepnɒ́ àle ip dàu póki zùl, li gɛ̀u e súp mùt. sém nat ján Jàli li jò e súp èpal? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li ʋɛ̀ e súp èpal. má àle nol mí li gèn-án làpe! ken nɒ́ li jò e súp èpal dànní in: nɒ́ li zùl. sat tém nì nol súp èpal li wɛ̀k dà. mí li wìlní in: nɒ́ li ɻɔ̀t lòntómmí.

nɒ́ li bàna-kóm dàumí. nik nɒ́ li ilès e tóm nì. tum nɒ́ li gɛ̀uják. mí li ɟʉ̀ŋʉ-máni gʉ̀ɻní!

nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòksém? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòl dàn-án lɛ̀t a? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la ján zèm li gàm? mí li wìl-án ʋɛ̀-ní in: nɒ́ li dàu!

sat ján Jàli li jò-nási. ní la mí li wìl-án dàu gìn. mí li lùki e póki-líp zìn.

mí li dàu lònnɒ́ dàupi tóm zìn. láu li bìli nàsa. sém li lòn e tém gàm? mí li zònní in: mí li gʉ̀x. ján Jàli os ɔ̀xæ e sówel àlas.

Ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu

2024-12-28T14:58:37Z

Lau wiki:

dànpi ján Àlonola (ip gbàpi ján Dèsutu) https://liputenpo.org/pdfs/0029jan.pdf

líp ìns mìnpi tó pi lùka ə̀n (p10)

tém pi dà zùl nol mí li gàm dàu e tóm nì. mí li wèn lònnɒ́. òpe la mí dàs li lòn e tóm nì. sat ján zìn li gàm. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋnímpi ján nì. sat mí li bàna e ním dè Jàli tɔ dàunɒ́. tém zùl nol nɒ́ li wèn lònpi tóm nì lònpɔ́kmí.

tóm nì li jò e tóm ìns pi ə̀n en ə̀t. tóm lònsín li tóm-án wɛ̀kják. mí li lòn e tóm nì ip lòn e tém lìli. mí li wɛ̀kják lònpi tóm nì. tóm gàmnɒ́ li tómmí lìli. tóm nìp li jò e ján Jàli. tómpi ján Jàli li zùl à. sat ján Jùli li zùl gìn a. asan nɒ́ li dàu bèke e nɔ́k ə̀n. mí li dàu bèke e nɔ́k pi ə̀n ə̀n.

tém ʋɛ̀-pi ján Jàli nol mí li àlaskóm lònmá-kás. mí li dàuwɛ́k dàntóm li àlas e kíl lìli. sat tém nì nol mí li ʉ̀ɰʉxkóm. ján Jàli li bàlkóm lònpi tómmí. nɒ́ li jò e súp nòl-án bàlkóm. súp nì nol nɒ́ li bàl e kóm mùt! nɒ́ li bàl e kíl e pán e kás e kó jèl. kó jèl li bònmí zùl! sat nɒ́ li ɟʉ̀ŋʉkóm gʉ̀ɻmí! nɒ́ li ìke zùl. sat tém mùt nol nɒ́ li ɟɒ̀ŋ e kómnɒ́ li nàtnɒ́ dàupóki-ják. sat nɒ́ li ʋʉ̀t dàumí! kóm mùt li lònpóki-ják. ní li bòn zùl dàumí!

tum mí en ján Jàli li gɛ̀t. nɒ́ li làpe nol mí li ɰʉ̀cɔ. mí li làpe nol nɒ́ li ɰʉ̀cɔ. ní li ìke-mí lìli dàn ní in: mí li wìl-án làpe la nɒ́ li gàlam mùt! ìke a! tém pi mùt lìli nol nɒ́ li lùki-mí. nì la nɒ́ li gàlam à! dànsém? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li lìli. nɒ́ li zùl. mí li dɔ̀ŋ-án bàkalnɒ́. tém nìp nol nɒ́ li nàt e ílo-án lòmna ip lònpɔ́kpi lùp èkepmí. kó jèl li lòn e ílo nɒ̀. kó jèlo... mí li wìl-án mòknɒ́. sat ílo nì li ìke. sína li wìl-án dàukó la ílo li bàkalsína! ken lòmsína. sat mí li zòn! mí li bèke e pális li gàm-án jò e kó jèl ip bèke-nɒ́.

ní àle la ken sína li bìli-ní: sém nat mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli. òpen la mí li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tómmí. mí li àlas-án jò e tóm zìn. sat tóm àle li nàsa! tóm ə̀t nol sówel àlas li lòn. ìke! nɒ́ li wìl-án mòkmí. tóm ànt li ŋɛ̀ɰ e ján àle. bòn à. sat tóm nì li lɛ̀t à. nik télo mùt li lòn. án lɛ̀tna en télo li ìke-mí. tóm ànt gìn li nòlján. sówel àlas àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ. sat ján li ɲɛ̀t e kó jèl, li mòk e kás dàs. ìke à! mí li wìl-án mòk e kó jèl. ní la mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli.

tém bɔ̀k nol mí li bìli-ní in: ján Jàli li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tóm nì. nɒ́ li nàt e líp èkepnɒ́ àle ip dàu póki zùl, li gɛ̀u e súp mùt. sém nat ján Jàli li jò e súp èpal? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li ʋɛ̀ e súp èpal. má àle nol mí li gèn-án làpe! ken nɒ́ li jò e súp èpal dànní in: nɒ́ li zùl. sat tém nì nol súp èpal li wɛ̀k dà. mí li wìlní in: nɒ́ li ɻɔ̀t lòntómmí.

nɒ́ li bàna-kóm dàumí. nik nɒ́ li ilès e tóm nì. tum nɒ́ li gɛ̀uják. mí li ɟʉ̀ŋʉ-máni gʉ̀ɻní!

nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòksém? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòl dàn-án lɛ̀t a? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la ján zèm li gàm? mí li wìl-án ʋɛ̀-ní in: nɒ́ li dàu!

sat ján Jàli li jò-nási. ní la mí li wìl-án dàu gìn. mí li lùki e póki-líp zìn.

mí li dàu lònnɒ́ dàupi tóm zìn. láu li bìli nàsa. sém li lòn e tém gàm? mí li zònní in: mí li gʉ̀x. ján Jàli os ɔ̀xæ e sówel àlas.

Ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu

2024-12-28T14:58:05Z

Lau wiki:

dànpi ján Àlonola (ip gbàpi ján Dèsutu)
https://liputenpo.org/pdfs/0029jan.pdf
líp ìns mìnpi tó pi lùka ə̀n

tém pi dà zùl nol mí li gàm dàu e tóm nì. mí li wèn lònnɒ́. òpe la mí dàs li lòn e tóm nì. sat ján zìn li gàm. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋnímpi ján nì. sat mí li bàna e ním dè Jàli tɔ dàunɒ́. tém zùl nol nɒ́ li wèn lònpi tóm nì lònpɔ́kmí.

tóm nì li jò e tóm ìns pi ə̀n en ə̀t. tóm lònsín li tóm-án wɛ̀kják. mí li lòn e tóm nì ip lòn e tém lìli. mí li wɛ̀kják lònpi tóm nì. tóm gàmnɒ́ li tómmí lìli. tóm nìp li jò e ján Jàli. tómpi ján Jàli li zùl à. sat ján Jùli li zùl gìn a. asan nɒ́ li dàu bèke e nɔ́k ə̀n. mí li dàu bèke e nɔ́k pi ə̀n ə̀n.

tém ʋɛ̀-pi ján Jàli nol mí li àlaskóm lònmá-kás. mí li dàuwɛ́k dàntóm li àlas e kíl lìli. sat tém nì nol mí li ʉ̀ɰʉxkóm. ján Jàli li bàlkóm lònpi tómmí. nɒ́ li jò e súp nòl-án bàlkóm. súp nì nol nɒ́ li bàl e kóm mùt! nɒ́ li bàl e kíl e pán e kás e kó jèl. kó jèl li bònmí zùl! sat nɒ́ li ɟʉ̀ŋʉkóm gʉ̀ɻmí! nɒ́ li ìke zùl. sat tém mùt nol nɒ́ li ɟɒ̀ŋ e kómnɒ́ li nàtnɒ́ dàupóki-ják. sat nɒ́ li ʋʉ̀t dàumí! kóm mùt li lònpóki-ják. ní li bòn zùl dàumí!

tum mí en ján Jàli li gɛ̀t. nɒ́ li làpe nol mí li ɰʉ̀cɔ. mí li làpe nol nɒ́ li ɰʉ̀cɔ. ní li ìke-mí lìli dàn ní in: mí li wìl-án làpe la nɒ́ li gàlam mùt! ìke a! tém pi mùt lìli nol nɒ́ li lùki-mí. nì la nɒ́ li gàlam à! dànsém? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li lìli. nɒ́ li zùl. mí li dɔ̀ŋ-án bàkalnɒ́. tém nìp nol nɒ́ li nàt e ílo-án lòmna ip lònpɔ́kpi lùp èkepmí. kó jèl li lòn e ílo nɒ̀. kó jèlo... mí li wìl-án mòknɒ́. sat ílo nì li ìke. sína li wìl-án dàukó la ílo li bàkalsína! ken lòmsína. sat mí li zòn! mí li bèke e pális li gàm-án jò e kó jèl ip bèke-nɒ́.

ní àle la ken sína li bìli-ní: sém nat mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli. òpen la mí li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tómmí. mí li àlas-án jò e tóm zìn. sat tóm àle li nàsa! tóm ə̀t nol sówel àlas li lòn. ìke! nɒ́ li wìl-án mòkmí. tóm ànt li ŋɛ̀ɰ e ján àle. bòn à. sat tóm nì li lɛ̀t à. nik télo mùt li lòn. án lɛ̀tna en télo li ìke-mí. tóm ànt gìn li nòlján. sówel àlas àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ. sat ján li ɲɛ̀t e kó jèl, li mòk e kás dàs. ìke à! mí li wìl-án mòk e kó jèl. ní la mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli.

tém bɔ̀k nol mí li bìli-ní in: ján Jàli li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tóm nì. nɒ́ li nàt e líp èkepnɒ́ àle ip dàu póki zùl, li gɛ̀u e súp mùt. sém nat ján Jàli li jò e súp èpal? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li ʋɛ̀ e súp èpal. má àle nol mí li gèn-án làpe! ken nɒ́ li jò e súp èpal dànní in: nɒ́ li zùl. sat tém nì nol súp èpal li wɛ̀k dà. mí li wìlní in: nɒ́ li ɻɔ̀t lòntómmí.

nɒ́ li bàna-kóm dàumí. nik nɒ́ li ilès e tóm nì. tum nɒ́ li gɛ̀uják. mí li ɟʉ̀ŋʉ-máni gʉ̀ɻní!

nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòksém? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòl dàn-án lɛ̀t a? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la ján zèm li gàm? mí li wìl-án ʋɛ̀-ní in: nɒ́ li dàu!

sat ján Jàli li jò-nási. ní la mí li wìl-án dàu gìn. mí li lùki e póki-líp zìn.

mí li dàu lònnɒ́ dàupi tóm zìn. láu li bìli nàsa. sém li lòn e tém gàm? mí li zònní in: mí li gʉ̀x. ján Jàli os ɔ̀xæ e sówel àlas.

Ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu

2024-12-28T14:57:19Z

Lau wiki: cut out dup heading

dànpi ján Àlonola (ip gbàpi ján Dèsutu)

<nowiki>https://liputenpo.org/pdfs/0029jan.pdf</nowiki>

líp ìns mìnpi tó pi lùka ə̀n

tém pi dà zùl nol mí li gàm dàu e tóm nì. mí li wèn lònnɒ́. òpe la mí dàs li lòn e tóm nì. sat ján zìn li gàm. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋnímpi ján nì. sat mí li bàna e ním dè Jàli tɔ dàunɒ́. tém zùl nol nɒ́ li wèn lònpi tóm nì lònpɔ́kmí.

tóm nì li jò e tóm ìns pi ə̀n en ə̀t. tóm lònsín li tóm-án wɛ̀kják. mí li lòn e tóm nì ip lòn e tém lìli. mí li wɛ̀kják lònpi tóm nì. tóm gàmnɒ́ li tómmí lìli. tóm nìp li jò e ján Jàli. tómpi ján Jàli li zùl à. sat ján Jùli li zùl gìn a. asan nɒ́ li dàu bèke e nɔ́k ə̀n. mí li dàu bèke e nɔ́k pi ə̀n ə̀n.

tém ʋɛ̀-pi ján Jàli nol mí li àlaskóm lònmá-kás. mí li dàuwɛ́k dàntóm li àlas e kíl lìli. sat tém nì nol mí li ʉ̀ɰʉxkóm. ján Jàli li bàlkóm lònpi tómmí. nɒ́ li jò e súp nòl-án bàlkóm. súp nì nol nɒ́ li bàl e kóm mùt! nɒ́ li bàl e kíl e pán e kás e kó jèl. kó jèl li bònmí zùl! sat nɒ́ li ɟʉ̀ŋʉkóm gʉ̀ɻmí! nɒ́ li ìke zùl. sat tém mùt nol nɒ́ li ɟɒ̀ŋ e kómnɒ́ li nàtnɒ́ dàupóki-ják. sat nɒ́ li ʋʉ̀t dàumí! kóm mùt li lònpóki-ják. ní li bòn zùl dàumí!

tum mí en ján Jàli li gɛ̀t. nɒ́ li làpe nol mí li ɰʉ̀cɔ. mí li làpe nol nɒ́ li ɰʉ̀cɔ. ní li ìke-mí lìli dàn ní in: mí li wìl-án làpe la nɒ́ li gàlam mùt! ìke a! tém pi mùt lìli nol nɒ́ li lùki-mí. nì la nɒ́ li gàlam à! dànsém? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li lìli. nɒ́ li zùl. mí li dɔ̀ŋ-án bàkalnɒ́. tém nìp nol nɒ́ li nàt e ílo-án lòmna ip lònpɔ́kpi lùp èkepmí. kó jèl li lòn e ílo nɒ̀. kó jèlo... mí li wìl-án mòknɒ́. sat ílo nì li ìke. sína li wìl-án dàukó la ílo li bàkalsína! ken lòmsína. sat mí li zòn! mí li bèke e pális li gàm-án jò e kó jèl ip bèke-nɒ́.

ní àle la ken sína li bìli-ní: sém nat mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli. òpen la mí li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tómmí. mí li àlas-án jò e tóm zìn. sat tóm àle li nàsa! tóm ə̀t nol sówel àlas li lòn. ìke! nɒ́ li wìl-án mòkmí. tóm ànt li ŋɛ̀ɰ e ján àle. bòn à. sat tóm nì li lɛ̀t à. nik télo mùt li lòn. án lɛ̀tna en télo li ìke-mí. tóm ànt gìn li nòlján. sówel àlas àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ. sat ján li ɲɛ̀t e kó jèl, li mòk e kás dàs. ìke à! mí li wìl-án mòk e kó jèl. ní la mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli.

tém bɔ̀k nol mí li bìli-ní in: ján Jàli li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tóm nì. nɒ́ li nàt e líp èkepnɒ́ àle ip dàu póki zùl, li gɛ̀u e súp mùt. sém nat ján Jàli li jò e súp èpal? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li ʋɛ̀ e súp èpal. má àle nol mí li gèn-án làpe! ken nɒ́ li jò e súp èpal dànní in: nɒ́ li zùl. sat tém nì nol súp èpal li wɛ̀k dà. mí li wìlní in: nɒ́ li ɻɔ̀t lòntómmí.

nɒ́ li bàna-kóm dàumí. nik nɒ́ li ilès e tóm nì. tum nɒ́ li gɛ̀uják. mí li ɟʉ̀ŋʉ-máni gʉ̀ɻní!

nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòksém? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòl dàn-án lɛ̀t a? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la ján zèm li gàm? mí li wìl-án ʋɛ̀-ní in: nɒ́ li dàu!

sat ján Jàli li jò-nási. ní la mí li wìl-án dàu gìn. mí li lùki e póki-líp zìn.

mí li dàu lònnɒ́ dàupi tóm zìn. láu li bìli nàsa. sém li lòn e tém gàm? mí li zònní in: mí li gʉ̀x. ján Jàli os ɔ̀xæ e sówel àlas.

Ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu

2024-12-28T14:56:46Z

Lau wiki: Created page with "= ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu = dànpi ján Àlonola (ip gbàpi ján Dèsutu) <nowiki>https://liputenpo.org/pdfs/0029jan.pdf</nowiki> líp ìns mìnpi tó pi lùka ə̀n tém pi dà zùl nol mí li gàm dàu e tóm nì. mí li wèn lònnɒ́. òpe la mí dàs li lòn e tóm nì. sat ján zìn li gàm. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋnímpi ján nì. sat mí li bàna e ním dè Jàli tɔ dàunɒ́. tém zùl nol nɒ́ li wèn lònpi tóm nì lònpɔ́kmí. tóm nì li jò e tóm ìns pi ə..."

= ján bɔ̀kmí li dàu =
dànpi ján Àlonola (ip gbàpi ján Dèsutu)

<nowiki>https://liputenpo.org/pdfs/0029jan.pdf</nowiki>

líp ìns mìnpi tó pi lùka ə̀n

tém pi dà zùl nol mí li gàm dàu e tóm nì. mí li wèn lònnɒ́. òpe la mí dàs li lòn e tóm nì. sat ján zìn li gàm. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋnímpi ján nì. sat mí li bàna e ním dè Jàli tɔ dàunɒ́. tém zùl nol nɒ́ li wèn lònpi tóm nì lònpɔ́kmí.

tóm nì li jò e tóm ìns pi ə̀n en ə̀t. tóm lònsín li tóm-án wɛ̀kják. mí li lòn e tóm nì ip lòn e tém lìli. mí li wɛ̀kják lònpi tóm nì. tóm gàmnɒ́ li tómmí lìli. tóm nìp li jò e ján Jàli. tómpi ján Jàli li zùl à. sat ján Jùli li zùl gìn a. asan nɒ́ li dàu bèke e nɔ́k ə̀n. mí li dàu bèke e nɔ́k pi ə̀n ə̀n.

tém ʋɛ̀-pi ján Jàli nol mí li àlaskóm lònmá-kás. mí li dàuwɛ́k dàntóm li àlas e kíl lìli. sat tém nì nol mí li ʉ̀ɰʉxkóm. ján Jàli li bàlkóm lònpi tómmí. nɒ́ li jò e súp nòl-án bàlkóm. súp nì nol nɒ́ li bàl e kóm mùt! nɒ́ li bàl e kíl e pán e kás e kó jèl. kó jèl li bònmí zùl! sat nɒ́ li ɟʉ̀ŋʉkóm gʉ̀ɻmí! nɒ́ li ìke zùl. sat tém mùt nol nɒ́ li ɟɒ̀ŋ e kómnɒ́ li nàtnɒ́ dàupóki-ják. sat nɒ́ li ʋʉ̀t dàumí! kóm mùt li lònpóki-ják. ní li bòn zùl dàumí!

tum mí en ján Jàli li gɛ̀t. nɒ́ li làpe nol mí li ɰʉ̀cɔ. mí li làpe nol nɒ́ li ɰʉ̀cɔ. ní li ìke-mí lìli dàn ní in: mí li wìl-án làpe la nɒ́ li gàlam mùt! ìke a! tém pi mùt lìli nol nɒ́ li lùki-mí. nì la nɒ́ li gàlam à! dànsém? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li lìli. nɒ́ li zùl. mí li dɔ̀ŋ-án bàkalnɒ́. tém nìp nol nɒ́ li nàt e ílo-án lòmna ip lònpɔ́kpi lùp èkepmí. kó jèl li lòn e ílo nɒ̀. kó jèlo... mí li wìl-án mòknɒ́. sat ílo nì li ìke. sína li wìl-án dàukó la ílo li bàkalsína! ken lòmsína. sat mí li zòn! mí li bèke e pális li gàm-án jò e kó jèl ip bèke-nɒ́.

ní àle la ken sína li bìli-ní: sém nat mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli. òpen la mí li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tómmí. mí li àlas-án jò e tóm zìn. sat tóm àle li nàsa! tóm ə̀t nol sówel àlas li lòn. ìke! nɒ́ li wìl-án mòkmí. tóm ànt li ŋɛ̀ɰ e ján àle. bòn à. sat tóm nì li lɛ̀t à. nik télo mùt li lòn. án lɛ̀tna en télo li ìke-mí. tóm ànt gìn li nòlján. sówel àlas àle li ɰɛ̀ŋ. sat ján li ɲɛ̀t e kó jèl, li mòk e kás dàs. ìke à! mí li wìl-án mòk e kó jèl. ní la mí li wèn lònpɔ́kpi ján Jàli.

tém bɔ̀k nol mí li bìli-ní in: ján Jàli li wìl-án wɛ̀k dànpi tóm nì. nɒ́ li nàt e líp èkepnɒ́ àle ip dàu póki zùl, li gɛ̀u e súp mùt. sém nat ján Jàli li jò e súp èpal? mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ. mí li ʋɛ̀ e súp èpal. má àle nol mí li gèn-án làpe! ken nɒ́ li jò e súp èpal dànní in: nɒ́ li zùl. sat tém nì nol súp èpal li wɛ̀k dà. mí li wìlní in: nɒ́ li ɻɔ̀t lòntómmí.

nɒ́ li bàna-kóm dàumí. nik nɒ́ li ilès e tóm nì. tum nɒ́ li gɛ̀uják. mí li ɟʉ̀ŋʉ-máni gʉ̀ɻní!

nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòksém? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la mí li mòl dàn-án lɛ̀t a? nɒ́ li wɛ̀k la ján zèm li gàm? mí li wìl-án ʋɛ̀-ní in: nɒ́ li dàu!

sat ján Jàli li jò-nási. ní la mí li wìl-án dàu gìn. mí li lùki e póki-líp zìn.

mí li dàu lònnɒ́ dàupi tóm zìn. láu li bìli nàsa. sém li lòn e tém gàm? mí li zònní in: mí li gʉ̀x. ján Jàli os ɔ̀xæ e sówel àlas.

Kót wàwa/Short texts

2024-12-28T14:49:34Z

Lau wiki: add link

Snvsdr dhv

2024-12-10T11:41:42Z

Lau wiki: /* Root words */ change to mr

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dò snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhv̀''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''upi''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|~ x is the thing referred to as "y"
|quotes a loanword or passage, terminated by end of phrase or ''ēd'', continuation can be forced by ''ōk''
|< tok ''te'' < ja って
|''dè'', ''to''<
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is something y is part of
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|''zǹi'', ''gɔ̀p''
|''puka<''
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|x is solid to y
|
|< zh 空 (> ''khr''), zh 石
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|what does x do to y?
|turns the sentence into a question
|< tok seme
|''zèm''
|''timi''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x consumes y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt, là''
|''la, lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/ʉ/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bo''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Poki pona

2024-12-09T08:34:55Z

Lau wiki: /* Examples */

okam wepon tokowa pojokoponokowa.

'''poki pona''' is my one-night attempt to bring cases into toki pona.

==roots==
poki pona has a set of word roots that are used as a basis for building words.
By default, every poki pona root is a toki pona word, minus any vowel on the end.

for example
{| class="wikitable"
|toki
|toki|tok
|-
|jan
|jan|jan
|-
|kal
|kala|kal
|-
|ma
|ma|m
|-
|ni
|ni|n
|-
|pu
|pu|p
|}
In order to prevent ambiguity, some exceptions exist.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|mi
|mis
|-
|sina
|sins
|-
|poki
|pojok
|-
|pan
|panul
|-
|seli
|selik
|-
|mije
|mijek
|-
|tu
|tow
|-
|ala
|alaw
|}

==nouns==
A noun is built from

root + case suffix
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!prep
!case
!suffix
!example (kasi)
|-
|en
|accusative
| -i
|kasi
|-
|e
|nominative
| -e
|kase
|-
|alu
|conditional
| -ula
|kasula
|-
|o
|vocative
| -ijo
|kasijo
|-
|lon
|locative
| -ono
|kasono
|-
|tawa
|dative
| -owa
|kasowa
|-
|tan
|ablative
| -ana
|kasana
|-
|kepeken
|instrumental
| -eke
|kaseke
|-
|sama
|similaritive
| -ama
|kasama
|-
|
|genitive
| -ok-
|kasoki
|}
Every noun ends with a vowel.

==verbs==
A verb is built from:

prefix + root

A prefix represents person, relation to the head verb, and mood.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!sense
!
!prefix
!example (pana)
|-
|mi
|1st person
|mi-
|mipan
|-
|sina
|2nd person
|si-
|sipan
|-
|li
|3rd person
|li-
|lipan
|-
|after preverb
|auxverb arg
|ta-
|tapan
|-
|
|adverb
|wi-
|wipan
|-
|
|connective
|we-
|wepan
|-
|o
|imperative
|o-
|opan
|-
|o
|"should"
| -o-
|mijopan
|-
|ala
|negation
| -ala-
|lialapan
|}

===prepositional verbs===
toki pona allows you to use a preposition as the head word of a predicate,

e.g.

jan li tawa telo "People go to the water."

mi tawa tomo "I go to the building."

sina lon ma pi kiwen suli "You're in a land of big rocks."

mi tawa "I'm going", "goodbye"

poki pona transforms every preposition into a case marking on a noun.

tawa telo -> telowa

tawa tomo -> tomowa

ma pi kiwen suli -> mowa kiwokowa sulokokowa.

When a preposition is used as the head word of the predicate, the head word of its object is inflected with the corresponding case, and used as the head word of the predicate, in verb form.

jan li tawa telo -> jani litelou

mi tawa tomo -> mitomou

sina lon ma pi kiwen suli -> simon kiwokon sulokokon

mi tawa -> mijou

==The genitive subcase==
The genitive affix -ok- may be applied to create a modifier to a noun. Both the head noun and the modifier take the case suffix of the head noun.

e.g.

soweli suwi li lukin e mi - soweli suwoki lilukin mise

mi wile moku e kala mute - miwil tamok kale mutoke

==Compound words==
poki pona also allows compounding words via -o-.

toki pona -> tokoponi; toki ponoki

Alternatively, -ok- affixes may be stacked.

jan pi pilin pona -> jani pilinoponoki; jani pilinoki ponokoki

==Examples==
from : https://tokipona.org/toki_lili_27_poems_in_toki_pona.pdf

sinsi olukin

olukin mise

misi sinsi liwan

~ janana Epenokana

mipilin ne:

misi ki likonon.

mijalai kone.

mijawen wejawen.

tawi likam.

misula siwek

~ janana Esiokana

muni pimejoni

lisun wiwal

lipon wipilin wijan

moli limison

wela pilin wijik

lijanon pokokon misokokon

kijetesanta-

kali tonsoki

lilanpan soke misoke

~ janana Jonatanokana

noki liwau

wisul wikalam

akesi lijawen

~ janana Kolokana

nenon towokon.

mesula mijon.

miken tason towe.

sewi pimejoki,

jaki iloki,

lilil sune munoke.

seli lilijoni

leti sulijoni

nasin tenpoki lin.

~ janoMelonana

mi noki lilet

sewula nenokula

milukin sune.

~ janoNusana

(note: mi = ma-ACC, noki = ni-GEN-ACC. "noki" also means noka-ACC, so "mi noki" can be "ma ni" or "ma en noka". "ma ni" can also be expressed as "moni".)

pimejon.

silukin wela

muni mutoki likam.

~ Ojokana janana

seli lipin.

moli likam.

owalamonsut.

tenpula kamokula,

sijolin wisin.

mi towi lipakal.

nimi lisul!

poki lilil!

kijetesantaka...

~ janoPolijanana

owesun ne:

lene janoliloke.

oni aloki lisin.

~ janana Simimanana

semi lijon wikin?

semi liwau?

ali liken tapon!

milukin me

miwil tawek

wetas - mijalaken.

oson ne:

ali lipon

olukin one!

~ janana Simonana

awenula mawonula,

lukinula wasokula,

poni likam tawon.

suni sinsi,

lisel wipon,

sinpine lawomisoke.

sunula openokula,

sewi likul;

teli wawoki lijon.

~ janana Siwenana

kiweni lijawen

koni wawoki lijon

leni lijalau wikiwen.

~ janana sonalana

kalami suloki

jani mutoki lijon

ali likalam

~ janosunana

...nana: tenpi

lijou liwek

wela misinsou

~ lonana Jawinana

a a a a a

a a a a a

a a "yupekosi"

(kilana)

Snvsdr dhv

2024-11-18T04:51:30Z

Lau wiki: /* Root words */ took back " ale" from dhr

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dò snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhv̀''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''upi''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|~ x is the thing referred to as "y"
|quotes a loanword or passage, terminated by end of phrase or ''ēd'', continuation can be forced by ''ōk''
|< tok ''te'' < ja って
|''dè'', ''to''<
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is something y is part of
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|''zǹi'', ''gɔ̀p''
|''puka<''
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|x is solid to y
|
|< zh 空 (> ''khr''), zh 石
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|what does x do to y?
|turns the sentence into a question
|< tok seme
|''zèm''
|''timi''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt, là''
|''la, lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/ʉ/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bo''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Líptém mìn-án jàn

2024-11-05T08:37:06Z

Lau wiki: òpe

líptém
[https://liputenpo.org/pdfs/0029jan.pdf mìn-án jàn]

==ján bàl==
ján Àlonola + sówel Èli + ján Gàpesi Bàke + ján Gàsape + ján Gè Dàmi + ján Gùku + ján Làpate + sám Nàtanale li dòk.

ján Gàsape + ján Gè Dàmi + ján Zìwa li àlas-án bàkalkót

ján Àlonola + ján Gè Dàmi li zìtel.

ján Zìmo li zìtel-lónsím.

ján Gàsape li lèjislíp.

ján Àlipi + ján Àlonola + ján Zònatan li làukúlup.

===os gàm bòn===
lòn líptém!
sína li jàn ɰʉŋ?
os bìli-ílján
bèke-pi líp nì.
nɒ́ li jò-kót
ján dànpi ján dòk.

zùl la ján Àlonola
li wìl-án zònní in
ján en sówel li
ànt ʉŋk e sɒ́ ànt?
ján Gè Dàmi
li dòk gìn e tém
bùluksúl
lònpi má-tóm Bɛ̀llin.

os lùki e kót
mùt bòn
os zùm bèke-pi
líptém!
- ján Zònatan

=má Bɛ̀llin nol ján bùluk li mùt ɲæk?=
- dànpi ján Gè Dàmi
-> ɲæ̀k. nɒ́ li mùt zùl ə̀n unu sám!
lòn. má li zìksún zìn la mí li wìl-án gàm-án nìskúlup lòn-pi má Èuɻop. tém lònpɔ́k li dèm àn lònmónsmónssím la kúlup li zùl zìn, li mùs à lòn-ínspi láupi má Dòjʉs-ip Bɛ̀llin.

==òpe-tém==
mút zùl li gàm la, pákal ə̀t li zùl: ílo mùt è-án bàl ùse li làkap la ján mùt li dɔ̀ŋ-án bèke-ílo lònkón. ján en ján ə̀n ànt li gàm dànpi má wɛ̀k. ján pi gòt zìm li gàm lònpi tém ànt. ján pi gòt bɔ̀k li gàm ìsan-ánt. ján pi gòt mòns li gàm lònpi tém nìp dàs. ìke à. sat lus ján nɒ̀ li gàm li lònpɔ́kmí. mí li òlin e ján bùluk. ján ə̀t li gàm-án zòn-án dòk tánpi kúlup nì-ip lònpi má Bɛ̀llin, li gàmkúlup lònpi tém mùt la ján zìn ànt gìn li gàm-án zònní, li gàm-án bùluknɒ́ a!

sat mí li zèm lònpi kúlup zùl nì? mí li dòk mùt à. li mùs. bìli-án bùluk. epo, mí li wìl-án dàu lònmá-kás. li gàm-án zòn e mí mùt, li dòk mùs, li lùki-kás. bìn la li wìl-án mòk bùluk. li dàu e tóm-án mòk la li dòk e kúlup-líptém e nási-nɒ́. ján mùt li gàm-án jò e líptém gàs-ip gìn. li bòn-án ìkul, li bòn lònlúka.

Líptém

2024-11-05T07:52:33Z

Lau wiki:

[[líptém mìn-án jàn]]

Líptém

2024-11-05T07:52:21Z

Lau wiki: created it

[líptém mìn-án jàn]

Main Page

2024-11-04T13:17:42Z

Lau wiki:

Welcome to Deschutron's Wiki.

[https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-wiegand-8863a519 Real-life persona]

[https://github.com/deschutron On Github]

[[Rap as a Language-Learning Tool]]

Tokiponidos
# [[Kot Wawa]]
# [[snvsdr dhv]]
# [[poki pona]]
# [[Theavenev Antitemp]]

[[Recurring digits]]

[[ideas]]

[[scratchpad]]

[[MediaWiki start page]]

Snvsdr dhv

2024-10-17T12:18:14Z

Lau wiki: /* Root words */ bhe -> ehb

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dò snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhv̀''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''upi''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|~ x is the thing referred to as "y"
|quotes a loanword or passage, terminated by end of phrase or ''ēd'', continuation can be forced by ''ōk''
|< tok ''te'' < ja って
|''dè'', ''to''<
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is something y is part of
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|''zǹi'', ''gɔ̀p''
|''puka<''
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|x is solid to y
|
|< zh 空 (> ''khr''), zh 石
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|what does x do to y?
|turns the sentence into a question
|< tok seme
|''zèm''
|''timi''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|x is not every y
|
|variant of ''nr''
|
|''a ala''
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt, là''
|''la, lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/ʉ/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bo''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2024-10-17T11:06:38Z

Lau wiki: /* pó bhv vhb omy thv de Bhben */

== gó boy jv omthea boy jv bhv ==
- mùt bòki-pi lán àmkíwe-ip bòki-pi lán zèu

vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>

jv́ kr bhv vhb fē moy jv́ bhe boý r̀mm̄ob. 
jv́ omthe fē dry rd vnme. nv̄ fē brsy mrr̄rb. fē nvsdrsvny me ge: 
"jv bhv! srby jv em fē gv! v́ny jv ema nvsvdkhr fē rby jv me. 
mé fē rbsdry svdkhr vny po rm oby jv em. svd fē br go. mò mō jvv̄oll̄jo gō!" 
ŕdy vnme no nv̄ jv bhv fē pv́svdkhr. pó mr fē dv bvsbo. nv̄ ŕm fē doy ehp mo dhe. 
jv́ omthe fē dò fē r̀m òbmŕ nv̄ r̀mm̄y òb no. nv̄ jv bhe fē drsnvsjosomrm. 
srdy vnme no fē rbsy nvsdr vnme ge: 
r̀dsrb cv nv̄ srd vn cv nv̄ cv̀

lán gʉ̀ɻ zèu γoàɻ li nòlpi lán zèu li bòki-pi íjo-pi èkep-la-ìkop. 
lán àmkíwe li zònpi nós dànmé. nat li nòs-án bèke-la-nòp. li nàt-án(zòn)-án(dàn)-pi mé gʉ̀: 
"lán zèu! án nòppi lán èm li mùt! tánpi lán èm-ip nàt-án(àsan)kón li nòppi lán mì. 
mé li nòp-án(zòn)pi án(àsan)kón dànpi póki bèke ìkoppi lán èm. án(àsan) li bòn zùl. nòl nol làn-la-ɔ̀ɲ-la-ɰɔ̀ sul!" 
nóspi dànmé dà nat lán zèu li sím-án(àsan)kón. póki bèke li nàsa zìm-án bòki. nat ékep li dàupi wés mà gìwe. 
lán àmkíwe li dàu li bèke ìkop-ékep nat èkep-la-pi ìkop dà. nat lán zèu li zòn-án(nàt)-án(ɰɔ̀)-nòl-ékep. 
án(nòs)pi dànmé dà li nòp-án nàt-án(zòn) dànmé gʉ̀: 
zòn-án(nòp) ɟɛ̀ŋ nat án(zòn) dàn ɟɛ̀ŋ nat ɟɛ̀ŋ

lan tawa ala sewi sewi ala li jo e lan sewi li poki e ijo pi kepeken<-la-(jo insa)< 
lan lon kiwen li sona e sona tan mi. ni la sona pi kepeken-la-pona. ona li pana sona tan mi ini: 
"lan sewi! pona pi lan sina li mute! ijo tan lan sina pi pana pi nasa kon li pona e lan mi. 
mi pona tan sona pi nasa kon tan poki kepeken pi lan sina. nasa li pona suli. ma la lan-la-(sina ala)-la-ala a!" 
sona tan mi pini la lan sewi li open nasa e kon. poki kepeken li tawa open pi poki. ni la kepeken< li tawa ijo anpa ma kiwen. 
lan lon ma li tawa li kepeken-poki kepeken< la kepeken<-la-(poki< pini). ni la lan sewi li sona e pana pi ala pi jo kepeken<. 
sona tan mi pini li pona< tan sona pi tan mi kama: 
sona pona< pona ala la sona tan pona ala la pona ala

=== pó bhv vhb omy thv de Bvben ===
''vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>''

v́hkjv fē nvsdr feefsy nvsdr efy tho fejo. 
jv́ fē doy thv de Jenvt fē dosom.

dosom noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv gv apr̄ vdphey thv vn, aēt. 
jv́y vfme no fē mry thv moa mry thv do.

dv nvy thv gva noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv moy jv gva nvy op bhv vhb. 
fē vcsdoy thv mo gv, 
amō fē gv, 
nv̄ pr̄ vfvhk, aēt.

nsdry vfme noa noō jv bhv fē domo, 
fē dry thv moy jv gva dry op bhv vhb.

fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
vhkjv fē gv feefy tho fejo, 
fē nvsdr rmsfey feefy tho fejo. 
h́ yvfme no fē bepry jv vf. 
jv vf fē rbp̄ fevhk-h.

dovf r̄p. 
jv́ me pr̄ domo, 
pr̄ nvsvgsfe rmsy nvsdr efy jv vf, aēt.

jv́ bhv fē nvsody jv eba doy mo gv. 
jv́ fē rbc̄ fesy dv nvy po bhv vhb.

thv́ mo vfme fē vfte Bvben vnvf fv̄ 
sde Bhben fē fvsy vdkhr grsdr. 
jv bhe fē nvsvgy ef rmsnvsdr. 
vg nv̄ jv́ fē dv yrbb fesnvsdr ōm fē vdkhr grsdr vhk.

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2024-10-16T02:32:15Z

Lau wiki: /* po bhv vhb omy thv de Bhben */ added acute accents

== gó boy jv omthea boy jv bhv ==
- mùt bòki-pi lán àmkíwe-ip bòki-pi lán zèu

vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>

jv́ kr bhv vhb fē moy jv́ bhe boý r̀mm̄ob. 
jv́ omthe fē dry rd vnme. nv̄ fē brsy mrr̄rb. fē nvsdrsvny me ge: 
"jv bhv! srby jv em fē gv! v́ny jv ema nvsvdkhr fē rby jv me. 
mé fē rbsdry svdkhr vny po rm oby jv em. svd fē br go. mò mō jvv̄oll̄jo gō!" 
ŕdy vnme no nv̄ jv bhv fē pv́svdkhr. pó mr fē dv bvsbo. nv̄ ŕm fē doy ehp mo dhe. 
jv́ omthe fē dò fē r̀m òbmŕ nv̄ r̀mm̄y òb no. nv̄ jv bhe fē drsnvsjosomrm. 
srdy vnme no fē rbsy nvsdr vnme ge: 
r̀dsrb cv nv̄ srd vn cv nv̄ cv̀

lán gʉ̀ɻ zèu γoàɻ li nòlpi lán zèu li bòki-pi íjo-pi èkep-la-ìkop. 
lán àmkíwe li zònpi nós dànmé. nat li nòs-án bèke-la-nòp. li nàt-án(zòn)-án(dàn)-pi mé gʉ̀: 
"lán zèu! án nòppi lán èm li mùt! tánpi lán èm-ip nàt-án(àsan)kón li nòppi lán mì. 
mé li nòp-án(zòn)pi án(àsan)kón dànpi póki bèke ìkoppi lán èm. án(àsan) li bòn zùl. nòl nol làn-la-ɔ̀ɲ-la-ɰɔ̀ sul!" 
nóspi dànmé dà nat lán zèu li sím-án(àsan)kón. póki bèke li nàsa zìm-án bòki. nat ékep li dàupi wés mà gìwe. 
lán àmkíwe li dàu li bèke ìkop-ékep nat èkep-la-pi ìkop dà. nat lán zèu li zòn-án(nàt)-án(ɰɔ̀)-nòl-ékep. 
án(nòs)pi dànmé dà li nòp-án nàt-án(zòn) dànmé gʉ̀: 
zòn-án(nòp) ɟɛ̀ŋ nat án(zòn) dàn ɟɛ̀ŋ nat ɟɛ̀ŋ

lan tawa ala sewi sewi ala li jo e lan sewi li poki e ijo pi kepeken<-la-(jo insa)< 
lan lon kiwen li sona e sona tan mi. ni la sona pi kepeken-la-pona. ona li pana sona tan mi ini: 
"lan sewi! pona pi lan sina li mute! ijo tan lan sina pi pana pi nasa kon li pona e lan mi. 
mi pona tan sona pi nasa kon tan poki kepeken pi lan sina. nasa li pona suli. ma la lan-la-(sina ala)-la-ala a!" 
sona tan mi pini la lan sewi li open nasa e kon. poki kepeken li tawa open pi poki. ni la kepeken< li tawa ijo anpa ma kiwen. 
lan lon ma li tawa li kepeken-poki kepeken< la kepeken<-la-(poki< pini). ni la lan sewi li sona e pana pi ala pi jo kepeken<. 
sona tan mi pini li pona< tan sona pi tan mi kama: 
sona pona< pona ala la sona tan pona ala la pona ala

=== pó bhv vhb omy thv de Bhben ===
''vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>''

v́hkjv fē nvsdr feefsy nvsdr efy tho fejo. 
jv́ fē doy thv de Jenvt fē dosom.

dosom noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv gv apr̄ vdphey thv vn, aēt. 
jv́y vfme no fē mry thv moa mry thv do.

dv nvy thv gva noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv moy jv gva nvy op bhv vhb. 
fē vcsdoy thv mo gv, 
amō fē gv, 
nv̄ pr̄ vfvhk, aēt.

nsdry vfme noa noō jv bhv fē domo, 
fē dry thv moy jv gva dry op bhv vhb.

fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
vhkjv fē gv feefy tho fejo, 
fē nvsdr rmsfey feefy tho fejo. 
h́ yvfme no fē bepry jv vf. 
jv vf fē rbp̄ fevhk-h.

dovf r̄p. 
jv́ me pr̄ domo, 
pr̄ nvsvgsfe rmsy nvsdr efy jv vf, aēt.

jv́ bhv fē nvsody jv eba doy mo gv. 
jv́ fē rbc̄ fesy dv nvy po bhv vhb.

thv́ mo vfme fē vfte Bhben vnvf fv̄ 
sde Bhben fē fvsy vdkhr grsdr. 
jv bhe fē nvsvgy ef rmsnvsdr. 
vg nv̄ jv́ fē dv yrbb fesnvsdr ōm fē vdkhr grsdr vhk.

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2024-10-16T02:30:42Z

Lau wiki: /* po bhv vhb omy thv de Bh̸hben */

== gó boy jv omthea boy jv bhv ==
- mùt bòki-pi lán àmkíwe-ip bòki-pi lán zèu

vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>

jv́ kr bhv vhb fē moy jv́ bhe boý r̀mm̄ob. 
jv́ omthe fē dry rd vnme. nv̄ fē brsy mrr̄rb. fē nvsdrsvny me ge: 
"jv bhv! srby jv em fē gv! v́ny jv ema nvsvdkhr fē rby jv me. 
mé fē rbsdry svdkhr vny po rm oby jv em. svd fē br go. mò mō jvv̄oll̄jo gō!" 
ŕdy vnme no nv̄ jv bhv fē pv́svdkhr. pó mr fē dv bvsbo. nv̄ ŕm fē doy ehp mo dhe. 
jv́ omthe fē dò fē r̀m òbmŕ nv̄ r̀mm̄y òb no. nv̄ jv bhe fē drsnvsjosomrm. 
srdy vnme no fē rbsy nvsdr vnme ge: 
r̀dsrb cv nv̄ srd vn cv nv̄ cv̀

lán gʉ̀ɻ zèu γoàɻ li nòlpi lán zèu li bòki-pi íjo-pi èkep-la-ìkop. 
lán àmkíwe li zònpi nós dànmé. nat li nòs-án bèke-la-nòp. li nàt-án(zòn)-án(dàn)-pi mé gʉ̀: 
"lán zèu! án nòppi lán èm li mùt! tánpi lán èm-ip nàt-án(àsan)kón li nòppi lán mì. 
mé li nòp-án(zòn)pi án(àsan)kón dànpi póki bèke ìkoppi lán èm. án(àsan) li bòn zùl. nòl nol làn-la-ɔ̀ɲ-la-ɰɔ̀ sul!" 
nóspi dànmé dà nat lán zèu li sím-án(àsan)kón. póki bèke li nàsa zìm-án bòki. nat ékep li dàupi wés mà gìwe. 
lán àmkíwe li dàu li bèke ìkop-ékep nat èkep-la-pi ìkop dà. nat lán zèu li zòn-án(nàt)-án(ɰɔ̀)-nòl-ékep. 
án(nòs)pi dànmé dà li nòp-án nàt-án(zòn) dànmé gʉ̀: 
zòn-án(nòp) ɟɛ̀ŋ nat án(zòn) dàn ɟɛ̀ŋ nat ɟɛ̀ŋ

lan tawa ala sewi sewi ala li jo e lan sewi li poki e ijo pi kepeken<-la-(jo insa)< 
lan lon kiwen li sona e sona tan mi. ni la sona pi kepeken-la-pona. ona li pana sona tan mi ini: 
"lan sewi! pona pi lan sina li mute! ijo tan lan sina pi pana pi nasa kon li pona e lan mi. 
mi pona tan sona pi nasa kon tan poki kepeken pi lan sina. nasa li pona suli. ma la lan-la-(sina ala)-la-ala a!" 
sona tan mi pini la lan sewi li open nasa e kon. poki kepeken li tawa open pi poki. ni la kepeken< li tawa ijo anpa ma kiwen. 
lan lon ma li tawa li kepeken-poki kepeken< la kepeken<-la-(poki< pini). ni la lan sewi li sona e pana pi ala pi jo kepeken<. 
sona tan mi pini li pona< tan sona pi tan mi kama: 
sona pona< pona ala la sona tan pona ala la pona ala

=== po bhv vhb omy thv de Bhben ===
''vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>''

v́hkjv fē nvsdr feefsy nvsdr efy tho fejo. 
jv́ fē doy thv de Jenvt fē dosom.

dosom noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv gv apr̄ vdphey thv vn, aēt. 
jv́y vfme no fē mry thv moa mry thv do.

dv nvy thv gva noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv moy jv gva nvy op bhv vhb. 
fē vcsdoy thv mo gv, 
amō fē gv, 
nv̄ pr̄ vfvhk, aēt.

nsdry vfme noa noō jv bhv fē domo, 
fē dry thv moy jv gva dry op bhv vhb.

fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
vhkjv fē gv feefy tho fejo, 
fē nvsdr rmsfey feefy tho fejo. 
h́ yvfme no fē bepry jv vf. 
jv vf fē rbp̄ fevhk-h.

dovf r̄p. 
jv́ me pr̄ domo, 
pr̄ nvsvgsfe rmsy nvsdr efy jv vf, aēt.

jv bhv fē nvsody jv eba doy mo gv. 
jv́ fē rbc̄ fesy dv nvy po bhv vhb.

thv mo vfme fē vfte Bhben vnvf fv̄ 
sde Bhben fē fvsy vdkhr grsdr. 
jv bhe fē nvsvgy ef rmsnvsdr. 
vg nv̄ jv́ fē dv yrbb fesnvsdr ōm fē vdkhr grsdr vhk.

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2024-10-16T02:29:33Z

Lau wiki: Added Tower of Babel

== gó boy jv omthea boy jv bhv ==
- mùt bòki-pi lán àmkíwe-ip bòki-pi lán zèu

vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>

jv́ kr bhv vhb fē moy jv́ bhe boý r̀mm̄ob. 
jv́ omthe fē dry rd vnme. nv̄ fē brsy mrr̄rb. fē nvsdrsvny me ge: 
"jv bhv! srby jv em fē gv! v́ny jv ema nvsvdkhr fē rby jv me. 
mé fē rbsdry svdkhr vny po rm oby jv em. svd fē br go. mò mō jvv̄oll̄jo gō!" 
ŕdy vnme no nv̄ jv bhv fē pv́svdkhr. pó mr fē dv bvsbo. nv̄ ŕm fē doy ehp mo dhe. 
jv́ omthe fē dò fē r̀m òbmŕ nv̄ r̀mm̄y òb no. nv̄ jv bhe fē drsnvsjosomrm. 
srdy vnme no fē rbsy nvsdr vnme ge: 
r̀dsrb cv nv̄ srd vn cv nv̄ cv̀

lán gʉ̀ɻ zèu γoàɻ li nòlpi lán zèu li bòki-pi íjo-pi èkep-la-ìkop. 
lán àmkíwe li zònpi nós dànmé. nat li nòs-án bèke-la-nòp. li nàt-án(zòn)-án(dàn)-pi mé gʉ̀: 
"lán zèu! án nòppi lán èm li mùt! tánpi lán èm-ip nàt-án(àsan)kón li nòppi lán mì. 
mé li nòp-án(zòn)pi án(àsan)kón dànpi póki bèke ìkoppi lán èm. án(àsan) li bòn zùl. nòl nol làn-la-ɔ̀ɲ-la-ɰɔ̀ sul!" 
nóspi dànmé dà nat lán zèu li sím-án(àsan)kón. póki bèke li nàsa zìm-án bòki. nat ékep li dàupi wés mà gìwe. 
lán àmkíwe li dàu li bèke ìkop-ékep nat èkep-la-pi ìkop dà. nat lán zèu li zòn-án(nàt)-án(ɰɔ̀)-nòl-ékep. 
án(nòs)pi dànmé dà li nòp-án nàt-án(zòn) dànmé gʉ̀: 
zòn-án(nòp) ɟɛ̀ŋ nat án(zòn) dàn ɟɛ̀ŋ nat ɟɛ̀ŋ

lan tawa ala sewi sewi ala li jo e lan sewi li poki e ijo pi kepeken<-la-(jo insa)< 
lan lon kiwen li sona e sona tan mi. ni la sona pi kepeken-la-pona. ona li pana sona tan mi ini: 
"lan sewi! pona pi lan sina li mute! ijo tan lan sina pi pana pi nasa kon li pona e lan mi. 
mi pona tan sona pi nasa kon tan poki kepeken pi lan sina. nasa li pona suli. ma la lan-la-(sina ala)-la-ala a!" 
sona tan mi pini la lan sewi li open nasa e kon. poki kepeken li tawa open pi poki. ni la kepeken< li tawa ijo anpa ma kiwen. 
lan lon ma li tawa li kepeken-poki kepeken< la kepeken<-la-(poki< pini). ni la lan sewi li sona e pana pi ala pi jo kepeken<. 
sona tan mi pini li pona< tan sona pi tan mi kama: 
sona pona< pona ala la sona tan pona ala la pona ala

=== po bhv vhb omy thv de Bhhben ===
''vn <nowiki>https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pUfQSlrt61W2hEWPsjfqG6YafxXyzOciYHnd0vgIEnw</nowiki>''

v́hkjv fē nvsdr feefsy nvsdr efy tho fejo. 
jv́ fē doy thv de Jenvt fē dosom.

dosom noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv gv apr̄ vdphey thv vn, aēt. 
jv́y vfme no fē mry thv moa mry thv do.

dv nvy thv gva noō fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
dome r̄p. 
jv́ loō em pr̄ dv nvy thv moy jv gva nvy op bhv vhb. 
fē vcsdoy thv mo gv, 
amō fē gv, 
nv̄ pr̄ vfvhk, aēt.

nsdry vfme noa noō jv bhv fē domo, 
fē dry thv moy jv gva dry op bhv vhb.

fē nvsdr vf fv̄ tēy 
vhkjv fē gv feefy tho fejo, 
fē nvsdr rmsfey feefy tho fejo. 
h́ yvfme no fē bepry jv vf. 
jv vf fē rbp̄ fevhk-h.

dovf r̄p. 
jv́ me pr̄ domo, 
pr̄ nvsvgsfe rmsy nvsdr efy jv vf, aēt.

jv bhv fē nvsody jv eba doy mo gv. 
jv́ fē rbc̄ fesy dv nvy po bhv vhb.

thv mo vfme fē vfte Bhben vnvf fv̄ 
sde Bhben fē fvsy vdkhr grsdr. 
jv bhe fē nvsvgy ef rmsnvsdr. 
vg nv̄ jv́ fē dv yrbb fesnvsdr ōm fē vdkhr grsdr vhk.

Snvsdr dhv

2024-10-16T00:17:20Z

Lau wiki: /* Root words */

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dò snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhv̀''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''upi''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|~ x is the thing referred to as "y"
|quotes a loanword or passage, terminated by end of phrase or ''ēd'', continuation can be forced by ''ōk''
|< tok ''te'' < ja って
|''dè'', ''to''<
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is part of y
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|''ìns'', ''bɔ̀k''
|''puka''
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|x is solid to y
|
|< zh 空 (> ''khr''), zh 石
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|what does x do to y?
|turns the sentence into a question
|< tok seme
|''zèm''
|''timi''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|x is not every y
|
|variant of ''nr''
|
|''a ala''
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt, là''
|''la, lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/ʉ/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bo''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Snvsdr dhv

2024-10-08T06:02:28Z

Lau wiki: updated dhe to dhv

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dò snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhv̀''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''open''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is part of y
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|ìns, bɔ̀k
|puka
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|x is solid to y
|
|
|
|
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|
|unassigned
|
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt''
|''lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/ʉ/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bo''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Snvsdr dhe

2024-10-08T06:00:57Z

Lau wiki: Lau wiki moved page Snvsdr dhe to Snvsdr dhv: I changed one of the words in the name

#REDIRECT [[Snvsdr dhv]]

Snvsdr dhv

2024-10-08T06:00:57Z

Lau wiki: Lau wiki moved page Snvsdr dhe to Snvsdr dhv: I changed one of the words in the name

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dò snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhè''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''open''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is part of y
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|ìns, bɔ̀k
|puka
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|x is solid to y
|
|
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt''
|''lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/ʉ/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bo''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Main Page

2024-10-02T04:16:27Z

Lau wiki: fix links

Welcome to Deschutron's Wiki.

[https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-wiegand-8863a519 Real-life persona]

[https://github.com/deschutron On Github]

[[Rap as a Language-Learning Tool]]

Tokiponidos
# [[Kot Wawa]]
# [[snvsdr de]]
# [[poki pona]]
# [[Theavenev Antitemp]]

[[Recurring digits]]

[[ideas]]

[[scratchpad]]

[[MediaWiki start page]]

Main Page

2024-10-02T04:15:44Z

Lau wiki: added links to self elsewhere

Welcome to Deschutron's Wiki.

[Real-life persona https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-wiegand-8863a519]

[On Github https://github.com/deschutron]

[[Rap as a Language-Learning Tool]]

Tokiponidos
# [[Kot Wawa]]
# [[snvsdr de]]
# [[poki pona]]
# [[Theavenev Antitemp]]

[[Recurring digits]]

[[ideas]]

[[scratchpad]]

[[MediaWiki start page]]

Scratchpad

2024-06-10T20:06:30Z

Lau wiki: Created page with "a place for me to play with editing. ."

a place for me to play with editing.

.

Main Page

2024-06-10T20:05:56Z

Lau wiki: scratchpad

Welcome to Deschutron's Wiki.

[[Rap as a Language-Learning Tool]]

Tokiponidos
# [[Kot Wawa]]
# [[snvsdr de]]
# [[poki pona]]
# [[Theavenev Antitemp]]

[[Recurring digits]]

[[ideas]]

[[scratchpad]]

[[MediaWiki start page]]

Ideas

2024-06-10T19:40:51Z

Lau wiki: first idea

# I want to make a sound-change swap language - swapping the sound changes of European languages and east Asian languages. Romance for Chinese, Germanic for Austroasiatic.

Main Page

2024-06-10T19:39:21Z

Lau wiki: added ideas page

Welcome to Deschutron's Wiki.

[[Rap as a Language-Learning Tool]]

Tokiponidos
# [[Kot Wawa]]
# [[snvsdr de]]
# [[poki pona]]
# [[Theavenev Antitemp]]
# [[ideas]]

[[Recurring digits]]

[[MediaWiki start page]]

Snvsdr dhv

2024-05-29T03:06:14Z

Lau wiki: updated opening sample

Fink-Peterson Test Sentences

2024-05-04T06:13:46Z

Lau wiki: nàtmút

dàn [https://tmh.conlang.org/test-sentences/test-sentences.html]

; 1. We are sitting in the night, and like the night, we are silent.
: mí mùt li lòn e tém bìmei, li íl e tém nɒ̀, ip àn-ɲʉ̀ɰʉt.
: mí mùt li lòn e tém bìmei, li íl e tém nɒ̀, li ɲʉ̀ɰʉt.
; 2. I thought this darned thread was dead.
: tém nìp nol mí bìli-án mòl dà ìl-pi líɲa-án dòk nì.
: tém nìp nol mí li bìli-ní: líɲa-án dòk nì li mòl dà.
; 3a. The clouds floated across the sea (and made landfall).
: kón dèlo li gbà e kón zèu-pi télo zùp (ipdàupi má wɛ̀k).
; 3b. The clouds floated across the sea (staying above it).
: kón dèlo li gbà e kòn zèu-pi télo zùp (ipdàupi kón wɛ̀k).
; 4a. John is taller than he thinks.
: ján Ɉɒ̀n li zùl bàlis àl-án ìlipsɒ́.
: ján Ɉɒ̀n li zùl bàlis mɔ̀n-án íl nì àl-án ìlipsɒ́.
; 4b. John is taller than they (someone else) think.
: ján Ɉɒ̀n li zùl bàlis mɔ̀n-án íl nì àl-án ìlip e ján nɒ̀ ɣɒ̀.
; 5a. They named their child Fafnir.
: ján nɒ̀ li bàna e ním dè Fafnir tɔ ipdàu-ámamsɒ́.
; 5b. They named their child something strange.
: ján nɒ̀ li bàna e ním nàsa ipdàu-ámamsɒ́.
; 6. They swept the floor clean.
: ján nɒ̀ li nàtlíɲa gbà-pi zúp lòn-ámp nàtní: súp li ʋʉ̀t.
; 7. I am standing between a cat and a rabbit.
: mí li lòn-íns-án nə̀ e sówel gò. íns li lòn dànmóksówel dàumókkás.
; 8a. I swim across the river.
: mí li dàu zàmkál gbà-pi télo lìɲa.
; 8b. I prefer to swim across the river.
: mí li gbà e télo lìɲa la li nòp-án dàu zàmkál.
; 9. The man just died.
: ján mìje li mòl dà zìn.
; 10. The woman ran off long ago.
: tém wɛ̀k nol mél li dàuwɛ́k.

Kót wàwa/Short texts

2024-05-04T05:44:43Z

Lau wiki: new link

some short texts in kót wàwa.

[[Létis dòk/kót ànap|kót ànap]]

[[Létis dòk/ə́t dàs|ə́t dàs]]

[[Some of the 150 Canonical Sentences in kót wàwa]]

[[Fink-Peterson Test Sentences]]

Some of the 150 Canonical Sentences in kót wàwa

2024-05-04T05:40:54Z

Lau wiki: add-mút

from [http://tulquest.huma-num.fr/sites/default/files/questionnaires/137/150_NSM_CanonicalSentences_v5_05_2017.pdf 150 Canonical Sentences for Identifying Semantic Primes and the Core Lexicogrammar of any Language]

== SOMEONE~WHO, SOMETHING~THING~WHAT, PEOPLE, BODY==
; 1. Who did it?
: ján zèm li nɒ́
; 2. Someone took it. I don't know who.
: ján li gàm-án jò-nɒ́. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋní: ján nɒ̀ li zèm?
: ján li gàm-án jò-nɒ́. mí li ɣɛ̀ŋ-íl-án jàn ip nɒ̀.
; 3. What happened?
: zèm?
; 4. I did something bad.
: mí li ìke.
; 5. What is this?
: ní li zèm?
; 6.a. This thing is big.
: ní li zùl.
; 6.b. This thing is small.
: ní li lìli.
; 7. They are good people.
: nɒ́ li jàn li bòn.
; 8. Many people don't know this.
: ján mùt li ɣɛ̀ŋní.
; 9.a. Sometimes bad things happen to people.
: tém nol ìke-ján.
; 9.b. Sometimes bad things happen to good people.
: tém nol ìke e ján bòn.
; 10. The body of a man is not like the body of a woman.
: mìje la síjel li ɒ́ɰsíjelmél.
: an mìje na lèjis-ɒ́ɰsíjelmél.
; 11. The stomach (liver, etc.) is part of people's bodies, it is inside the body.
: íns ìlo-án mòk li ìnssíjel.
== PARTS, KINDS ==
; 12. This thing (knife, axe etc) has two parts.
: ílo nì li gùlup zǹi e ékep ə̀n.
; 13. People's bodies have many parts.
: síjelján li zǹi e ílo mùt.
; 14. There are two kinds of yam (bat, bird etc.)
: nòl e nási-án gìl ip Jæ̀m na ə̀n.
; 15.

Kót wàwa/Short texts

2024-05-04T05:10:23Z

Lau wiki: 150canon

some short texts in kót wàwa.

[[Létis dòk/kót ànap|kót ànap]]

[[Létis dòk/ə́t dàs|ə́t dàs]]

[[Some of the 150 Canonical Sentences in kót wàwa]]

Snvsdr dhv

2024-04-29T01:35:52Z

Lau wiki: /* Root words */ corrected nimi "y"

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dù snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhè''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''open''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is part of y
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|ìns, bɔ̀k
|puka
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|x is solid to y
|
|
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt''
|''lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/ʉ/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bo''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Snvsdr dhv

2024-04-25T12:48:36Z

Lau wiki: /* Connecting sentences */

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dù snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhè''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''open''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is part of y
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|ìns, bɔ̀k
|puka
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|x is solid to y
|
|
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt''
|''lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/y/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bo''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Snvsdr dhv

2024-04-25T05:15:15Z

Lau wiki:

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dù snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhè''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

[[snvsdr dhe/Example texts]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''open''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is part of y
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|ìns, bɔ̀k
|puka
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|x is solid to y
|
|
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt''
|''lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/y/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bò''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2024-04-25T01:53:31Z

Lau wiki: /* gó boy jv omthea boy jv bhv */ more linkbreak shrinking

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2024-04-25T01:52:22Z

Lau wiki: /* gó boy jv omthea boy jv bhv */ linebreak shrinking

Snvsdr dhe/Example texts

2024-04-25T01:51:10Z

Lau wiki: òpe

Snvsdr dhv

2024-04-24T03:24:52Z

Lau wiki: /* Root words */

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dù snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhè''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''open''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is part of y
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|ìns, bɔ̀k
|puka
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|x is solid to y
|
|
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt''
|''lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few/one in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/y/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bò''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."

Snvsdr dhv

2024-04-24T02:47:51Z

Lau wiki: /* Conditional phrases */

EM FĒ DOY SNVSDR EFME PR̄

/ém ɸē dù snœ̀sdɤ̀ èɸmé pɤ̄/

'''snv̀sdr̀ dhè''' is a micro-lang designed to be good at building words. The grammar is derived from kót wàwa.

The vocabulary is derived from draft versions of a language called "teja", which itself is inspired by tuki tiki.

It has no strict division between word building vocabulary and sentence-building vocabulary.

[[snvsdr dhe/Test sentences]]

=== Phonemes ===

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
|-
|p
|t
|c
|k
|-
|b
|d
|ɟ ⟨c⟩
|g ⟨k⟩
|-
|pʰ ⟨ph⟩
|tʰ ⟨th⟩
|cʰ ⟨ch⟩
|kʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|bʰ ⟨bh⟩
|dʰ ⟨dh⟩
|ɟʰ ⟨ch⟩
|gʰ ⟨kh⟩
|-
|m̥ ⟨m⟩
|n̥ ⟨n⟩
|ɲ̊ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ̊ ⟨g⟩
|-
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨l⟩
|ŋ ⟨g⟩
|-
|ɸ ⟨f⟩
|s
|ç ⟨j⟩
|x
|-
|β ⟨f⟩
|z
|ʝ ⟨j⟩
|ɣ ⟨x⟩
|}

==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
|ø ⟨vy⟩
|i ⟨ey⟩
|ɯ ⟨ry⟩
|o ⟨oy⟩
|
|ʉ ⟨y⟩
|-
|œ ⟨v⟩
|e
|ɤ ⟨r⟩
|ɔ ⟨o⟩
|
|ə ⟨h⟩
|-
|ɶ ⟨va⟩
|ɛ ⟨ea⟩
|ʌ ⟨ra⟩
|ɒ ⟨oa⟩
|
|a
|}

==== Tones ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!
|-
|high
|á
|the consonant is always voiceless
|-
|mid
|ā
|no distinction on consonant voicing
|-
|low
|à
|the consonant is always voiced
|}
In the standard Latin orthography, some of the consonants don't show whether they are voiced. In those cases, the voicing can be inferred from the tone.

=== Root words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!word
!sound (as a verb)
!meaning (as a verb)
!notes
!origin
!kw equiv
!tuki tiki equiv
|-
|''bv''
|/bœ̀/
|x is the start/front of y
|
|< tok ''open''
|''òpe, zìm''
|''open''
|-
|''be''
|/bè/
|x is flat in the presence of y
|
|< teja ''pe'', infl. by tok ''lipu''
|''lìp''
|''kati''
|-
|''br''
|/bɤ̀/
|x is good to y
|
|< teja ''po'' < tok ''pona''
|''bòn''
|''pula''
|-
|''bo''
|/bɔ̀/
|x is a container of/for y
|
|< tok ''poki''
|''pòki, jò''
|''~lu<''
|-
|''dv''
|/dœ̀/
|x moves because of y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''nàsa, ìles, mùs''
|''taka''
|-
|''de''
|/dè/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dr''
|/dɤ̀/
|x experiences y
|
|< teja ''to'' < tok ''sona''
|''bìli, zòn, ~(lùki, gùt)''
|''tula''
|-
|''do''
|/dɔ̀/
|x goes to y
|
|< teja ''ta'' < tok ''tawa''
|''dàu''
|''taka''
|-
|''bhv''
|/bʰœ̀/
|x is above y
|
|< teja ''pa''
|''zèu, bm̀a''
|''tiku''
|-
|''bhe''
|/bʰè/
|x is part of y
|inalienable possession
|a priori
|ìns, bɔ̀k
|puka
|-
|''bhr''
|/bʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''bho''
|/bʰɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhv''
|/dʰœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dhe''
|/dʰè/
|x is solid to y
|
|
|''gìwe''
|''kiku''
|-
|''dhr''
|/dʰɤ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''dho''
|/dʰɔ̀/
|~ x is the agent of something happening to it
|reflexive pronoun
|< kw ''zɒ̀''
|''zɒ̀''
| -
|-
|''mv''
|/mœ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''me''
|/mè/
|x is me now as I'm speaking, and y is you as you're listening
|
|< teja ''me'' "me; this" < tok ''mi''
|''mì lònní, ànis''
|''mi, li''
|-
|''mr''
|/mɤ̀/
|x uses y
|
|< tok ''moku''
|''bèke, ~mòk''
|''ilu''
|-
|''mo''
|/mɔ̀/
|x is where y is
|
|< teja ''ma'' < tok ''ma''
|''nòl, mà, mèt''
|''lu<, kiku''
|-
|''nv''
|/nœ̀/
|x emits/gives/causes y
|
|< kw ''nàt'' (< tok ''tan)'' & tok ''pana''
|''nàt, bàna''
|''~tuki''
|-
|''ne''
|/nè/
|x is small in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''go'' "big"< teja ''a;'' infl. by tok ''lili''
|''lìli''
|''lili''
|-
|''nr''
|/nɤ̀/
|x is few in the presence of y
|
|negation of ''gv'' "many"< teja ''a''
|''ɲæ̀k''
|''a ala''
|-
|''no''
|/nɔ̀/
|x has already happened or begun to happen
|
|< kw ''dà'' < PIE -eh2tos, infl. by vi ''đã'' and zh-cmn 了
|''dà''
|''~lu taka lapi''
|-
|''fv''
|/βœ̀/
|x points to y
|
|a priori
|''lùka dàu''
|''lika, ~tuki''
|-
|''fe''
|/βè/
|x does y
|
|a priori, infl. by tok ''li''
|''lì''
|''li''
|-
|''fr''
|/βɤ̀/
|x can't initiate actions or states of being that affect y from x's own will
|
|negation of ''je'' "agent of action" < teja ''ja'' "living thing" < tuki tiki ''ka &'' tok ''jan''
|''ɰʉ̀ŋ, ~(ʋʉ̀ŋ, ɣɛ̀ɻɔɰ, ɻʉ̀x, ʉ̀tɔx, dʉ̀ɰ)''
|''ka ala''
|-
|''fo''
|/βɔ̀/
|
|unassigned
|
|
|
|-
|''z''
|/z/
|x is an act of doing y (aux.)
|it takes a verb as its object
|a priori, infl. by vi ''sự'' " the act of doing ..."
|''~àn''
|''~pali''
|-
|'':''
|/ː̄/
|in the context of x, y happens
|it lengthens the previous vowel or consonant, but with mid tone. written by repeating the previous letter
|
|''~la''
|''~la''
|-
|''h''
|/ə/
|x happens to y
|
|
|''ìjo, è, ~la''
|''iku, ~la''
|-
|''y''
|/y/
|(
|it can merge with a vowel before it to form a close vowel
|
|''pi, ~àn''
|
|-
|''a''
|/a/
|)
|it can merge with a vowel before to form an open vowel
|
|''ip, na''
|
|}

=== Grammar ===

==== Unit words ====
Every two-letter root word, in the verb form given in the table, is a valid ''unit word''.

Other unit words can be derived by changing the tone.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (verb) "emit/cause/give" → ''nv́'' /n̥œ́/ (noun) "giver", → ''nv̄'' /nœ̄/ (connective) "causing".

The noun version of a word refers to something that does the verb version of it. And the verb version of a noun refers to the act of being the thing that the noun refers to.

Other unit words can be derived by reversing it. These are the passive forms.

e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ (emit/cause/give) → ''v̀n'' /œ̀n/ "be given"; ''v́n'' /œ́n/ "gift"; ''v̄n'' /œ̄n/ "as a result of"

More unit words can be derived by inverting the sounds. These are the negated forms.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|p/b
|c
|-
|t/d
|k
|-
|ph/bh
|ch
|-
|th/dh
|kh
|-
|m
|l
|-
|n
|g
|-
|f
|j
|-
|s/z
|x
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|v
|r
|-
|e
|o
|}
e.g. ''nv̀'' /nœ̀/ → ''gr̀'' /ŋɤ̀/ "not give, not cause"

From this, a single two-letter root word can take 12 different unit word forms.

==== Compound words ====
If you say a noun right after a verb or a noun, it becomes the object of that previous word.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound word''.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''pó'' "box" → ''nv̀pó'' /nœ̀pɔ́/ "give a box".

''pó'' "box"+ ''pŕ'' "good thing" → ''pópŕ'' /pɔ̀pɤ́/ "box of treats"

If you say another noun afterwards, it becomes the object of the noun you just added.

''nv̀'' + ''pó'' + ''pŕ'' → ''nv̀'' + ''pópŕ'' → ''nv̀pópŕ'' /nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́/ "give a box of treats"

This is the only way compound words are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the suffixed nouns.

e.g. ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats"

Any unit word or compound word is also considered to be a ''unit phrase''.

==== Conditional phrases ====
A unit phrase can be made subjunctive by lengthening the final sound of the last word in it and putting the lengthened form into mid tone.

''br̀r̄'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄/ "if it's good", "where/when it's good."

The next unit phrase is asserted to be true, if the subjunctive one is.

''br̀r̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ nœ̀/ "if good then give"

''r̀bb̄ fè'' /ɤ̀bbə̄ βè/ "if benefitted then do"

''jv́ mèē èm'' /çœ́ mèē èm/ "if not me, then you", "us (inclusive)"

It's possible to have more than one condition.

''br̀r̄ r̀bb̄ nv̀'' /bɤ̀ɤ̄ ɤ̀bbə̄ nœ̀/ "if it's good then, if it's benefitted, give"

The result is a ''conditional phrase''.

==== Verbal modification ====
If you say a verb after a phrase, it modifies the meaning of that phrase.

The combination is considered to be a ''compound phrase''. The meaning is this: The thing referred to be the first word does the action referred to by the added verb.

e.g. ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''nv̀'' ''br̀'' "give in a good way", "give politely"

''pó'' "box" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó br̀'' "good box"

If you say another verb afterwards, it also modifies the first word of the phrase. Note this is different to adding a noun.

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀'' "give" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀ br̀'' /pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives and is good", "a good dispenser"

''pó'' "box" + ''nv̀popr'' "give a box of treats" + ''br̀'' "good" → ''pó nv̀popr br̀'' /pɔ̀ nœ̀pɔ́pɤ́ bɤ̀/ "a box that gives boxes of treats and is good", "a good treat-box disepenser"

This is the only way compound phrases are formed, so in writing, the tone marks can be left off the added verbs.

e.g. ''pó nv br'' "good dispenser"

''pó nvpopr'' ''br'' "good treat-box dispenser"

Phrases, like words, can be either verb or noun.

==== Making a statement ====
If you say a verb phrase on its own, you assert that it's true in some sense.

''br̀.'' /bɤ̀/. "It's good.", "There is goodness."

By default, a statement takes on a general meaning, but the sense can be narrowed down based on the current context.

''br̀.'' "You did it well.", "I am good to them.", "It's delicious."

''nv̀popr br.'' "The treat-box is given well.", "The treat-box is made well.", "It does a job job dispensing those bags of good things."

''nv̀poprr̄ br''. "If treat-box is given, the giving is done well."

==== Mentioning something ====
If you say a noun phrase on its own, you simply mention it, without asserting that it's true or present.

''pŕ.'' /pɤ́/. "The good thing."

''nv́''. /n̥œ́/. "One that gives.", "The cause."

==== Abstract nouns ====
You can also refer to the process of something happening with ''s''.

''snv̀.'' /snœ̀/. "The giving.", "The causation.", "Emanation."

''s'' is the noun form of ''z''. It's distinguished from it by being devoiced.

==== Embedding a phrase ====
You embed a phrase within another with ''y'' /ʉ/.

''nv̀ y pó nv br''. /nœ̀ ʉ̄ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/". "It gives a good dispenser."

If the embedded phrase is a noun phrase, ''y'' may be combined with a vowel just before it. When doing so, the ''y'' becomes just a change to the sound of that earlier vowel, closing it a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv br.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀/. "It gives a good dispenser."

An embedded phrase can be ended with ''a''. This frees you up to modify the head word before it.

''nv̀y po nv br a gv̀.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bɤ̀ ā ŋœ̀/. "It often gives good dispensers."

If the following phrase is a noun phrase, it becomes an object of the head word in the embedded phrase. Also, the ''a'' may be combined with any vowel at the end of the embedded phrase. This opens that vowel a little bit.

''nv̀y po nv bra popr.'' /nø̀ pɔ́ nœ̀ bʌ̀ pɔ́pɤ́/. "It gives a good treat-box dispenser."

==== Attributing an action ====
You can specify who is doing something by saying a noun phrase, followed by ''fē'' /ɸē/ and then the verb phrase.

''mé fē nv̀''. /mé ɸē nœ̀/. "I'm giving something.", "Right now, I give it.", "It's because of me right now."

==== Describing a sentence ====
A sentence can be described by adding a mid tone word to the start or the end of it.

At the start,

''r̄p ém fē nv̀.'' /ɤ̄p ém ɸē nœ̀/. "It's good that you give it."

''ém fē nv̀ pr̄.'' /ém ɸē nœ̀ pɤ̄/. "It would be good if you give it.", "Can you please give it?"

==== Connecting sentences ====
Putting a mid tone word ''M'' between two sentences ''P'' and ''Q'' creates a conditional statement, meaning where ''P'' is true, ''Q'' is true and ''P'' does ''M'' to ''Q''.

''ém fē nv̀ nv̄ mé fē òm bò''. /ém ɸē nœ̀ nœ̄ m̥é ɸē ɔ̀m bɔ̀/. "If you give it, that will make me have it."